Advocates of global waste management are gradually becoming adherents to Waste-to-Energy technologies. Waste treatment processes that can convert a waste source and create energy in the form of transport fuels such as diesel, or thermal heat, or electricity are gaining rampant traction in the global waste management sector. Adoption of Waste-to-Energy technologies will continue to gain grounds in the future that is likely to be riddled with tonnes of solid waste. Although, negative perceptions towards Waste-to-Energy technologies can be assessed as a key factor limiting their widespread adoption. Developers are being compelled to find and demonstrate technologies that hold the capability to convert an entire country’s municipal solid waste towards generating energy that powers it, and all this at feasible expense.
In the meantime, new approaches in development of Waste-to-Energy technologies will curb the use of highly-combustive incineration processes. Mass-scale incineration of solid waste have existed since decades, but high carbon emissions associated with their adoption have angered environmental agencies around the world. Innovative thermal processes are being observed as the new Waste-to-Energy alternatives for solid waste incineration. While testing the efficiency of new technologies at large scale is impractical, their small scale adeptness will have a controlling influence on the dynamics of global market for Waste-to-Energy technologies.
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Three Emerging Thermal Waste-to-Energy Technologies
Turning loads of municipal solid waste into energy assets is allegedly promised by the emergence of three thermal Waste-to-Energy technologies. The following technologies are claimed to produce lesser toxic emissions, and hold the potential to eliminate landfilling, albeit, virtually.
- Gasification
- Plasma Gasification
- Pyrolysis
Collectively, these three can be identified as conversion technologies as they encompass a wide range of non-combustion processes. Oxygen levels, heat sourcing and temperature range are the key differences between these technologies. Regardless of these differences, gasification, pyrolysis and plasma gasification facilitate a common purpose. By producing synthesis gas or syngas – which is made of carbon monoxide and hydrogen – from incineration of municipal solid waste, these Waste-to-Energy technologies can make energy from feasible thermal reactions. The produced syngas can be converted into electricity by burning it in a boiler system. Processing the syngas can also generate fuel to power a low-emission natural gas generators. Although, to prove these claims, none of the above technologies have been applied on commercial scale.
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Need for Small Scale Adoption of Waste-to-Energy Technologies
Commercial scale deployment of such heuristic Waste-to-Energy technologies entails exorbitant budgets. Municipal authorities and governments should focus on adopting these technologies at small scale. These technologies can be developed to provide a frugal and efficient alternative to mass-burn incineration, particularly for small communities. Municipal solid waste in small communities have a low imprint on the capacity of Waste-to-Energy plants. Construction of small scale Waste-to-Energy plants is more economical, and these thermal technologies are relatively greener compared to conventional grate combustion processes. Under certain circumstances, constructing a small scale Waste-to-Energy plant can be more beneficial since it reduces the costs and environmental impacts of long-distance waste transportation.
Incessant urbanization, unceasing population growth, and dramatically changing economies will continue to foment an uncontrolled transformation in the landscape of global solid waste management. Considering the validity of this notion, developers of such innovative Waste-to-Energy technologies should focus on deploying them at small scale instead of wasting time over the uncertainty of huge fundings.
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